Check out example codes for "Collection was modified; enumeration operation might not execute. datatable c#". It will help you in understanding the concepts better.
Code Example 1
using CentroidsList = System.Collection.Generic.List<...>; //put the type of the element of newSpectrum.PeakCentroids
//...
CentroidsList list = new CentroidsList();
foreach (var element in newSpectrum.PeakCentroids)
if (SomeCondition(element))
list.Add(element);
foreach (var element in list)
newSpectrum.PeakCentroids.Remove(element);
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